This, the third and final monograph, completes the description of the excavations carried out by the British team, part of the Anglo-Bulgarian archaeological programme on the site of Nicopolis ad Istrum in northern Bulgaria, one of the best-preserved ancient cities of the Roman Empire. The site provided a unique opportunity to compare the changing layout and economy of an urban centre from the Roman to the late Roman and the early Byzantine periods (c. AD 100-600). The excavations, geophysics, coins and wall-plaster were published in volume 1. Volume 2 describes the evidence for economic changes between the Roman and early Byzantine periods and contains full reports on the pottery and the glass. This volume includes full descriptions of all small-finds (ceramic copper-alloy and iron objects, glass, lamps, sculpture, architecture and flints) each object provided with a description of its archaeological context and the date of deposition. The second half of the volume identifies the environmental and economic differences between the three main periods in the history of the site. Reports include quantified assemblages of zooarchaeological finds (large and, small mammals), fish, birds, archaeobotanical remains, mollusca and human skeletons as well as the results of metallurgical analysis: copper-alloy, iron and 'natural' steel. Not only is this range and quantity of finds in these reports unparalleled in the Balkans, they represent a valuable resource for the material culture of the Roman and late Roman periods coming, as they do, from a part of the Roman Empire which has produced very few comparable assemblages. Of no less importance are the quantified bioarchaeological data which offers a unique insight into the charging morphology and economy of a Roman, late Roman and early Byzantine city.

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• PREFACE
• THE STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF THE REPORT
• 1 - INTRODUCTION
  • The Aims of the Excavations at Nicopolis
  • The Publication of the Excavations
  • Dating
  • The quantitative Assessment of the Data by Period
  • The Excavations (Fig 1.4)
  • The Results of the Excavation: a Summary
  • The Transition to Late Antiquity programme (1996–2005)
• 2 - THE METALWORK
  • ITEMS OF DRESS AND PERSONAL ADORNMENT
  • TOILET, SURGICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL INSTRUMENTS (Figs 2.6 and 2.7)
  • DOMESTIC INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS AND FURNITURE
  • MATERIALS ASSOCIATED WITH ANIMALS
  • TOOLS USED FOR AGRICULTURE, WOOD AND LEATHER WORKING
  • STUDS AND MOUNTS (Fig 2.13)
  • FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS (Fig 2.14)
  • STRUCTURAL FITTINGS
  • MILITARY EQUIPMENT
  • MISCELLANEOUS (Fig 2.24)
  • POST-MEDIEVAL FINDS
  • NAILS (Fig 2.28)
  • SCRAP FROM NICOPOLIS
• 3 - WORKED BONE
  • BONE PINS (Figs 3.1 and 3.2)
  • NEEDLES (Fig 3.2)
  • COMBS (Fig 3.3)
  • SPOONS (Fig 3.3)
  • BOXES (Fig 3.3)
  • BEADS (Fig 3.3)
  • DICE (Fig 3.3)
  • COUNTERS (Fig 3.4)
  • MOUNTS (Fig 3.4)
  • HANDLES (Fig 3.4)
  • PLANO-CONVEX STRIPS (Fig 3.4)
  • LOOPED HANDLES (Fig 3.5)
  • MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS (Fig 3.5)
  • UNFINISHED BONE OBJECTS (Figs 3.5 and 3.6)
  • ANTLER OBJECTS (Fig 3.6)
• 4 - BEADS AND GLASS, JET AND SHALE JEWELRY
  • BEADS (Fig 4.1)
  • BRACELETS OF GLASS, JET AND SHALE (Fig 4.2)
  • JET RINGS AND PIN (Fig 4.2)
• 5 - INTAGLIOS
• 6 - CERAMIC OBJECTS
  • FIGURINES (Figs 6.1 and 6.2)
  • PLAQUE (Fig 6.3)
  • TOYS? (Figs 6.3 and 6.4)
  • REUSED CERAMICS (Figs 6.5 and 6.6)
  • SYMMETRICAL PIECES (Fig 6.6)
  • LOOM WEIGHTS (Fig 6.7)
  • MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS (Figs 6.7 and 6.8)
  • WARE DESCRIPTIONS
• 7 - THE LAMPS
  • LOCAL LAMPS
• 8 - SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION
  • RELIEF SCULPTURE (Figs 8.1–8.8)
  • COLUMNS
  • MOULDINGS
  • FLOORING (Fig 8.20)
• 9 - THE WORKED PREHISTORIC LITHIC MATERIAL AND ITS POSSIBLE RE-USE
  • Description
  • Raw Material Sources
  • Dating
  • On old things
  • Conclusion
• 10 - THE LARGE MAMMAL AND REPTILE BONES
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Preservation and Taphonomy
  • Anatomical Representation
  • Dental Data
  • Epiphyseal fusion data
  • Sex Data
  • Butchery
  • Breed Types
  • Palaeopathology
  • Traumatic Injury
  • Arthropathies and Joint Diseases
  • Oral Pathology
  • Infection
  • Skeletal Abnormalities
  • Cattle Biometry
  • Pig Biometry
  • Sheep Biometry
  • Discussion
  • Comparison with other sites in the region
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
• 11 - THE SMALL MAMMALS
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Taphonomy
  • Results
  • Discussion
• 12 - THE FISH REMAINS
  • Introduction
  • Local rivers
  • Methods and quantification
  • Results
  • Comparison with other sites
  • Conclusions
• 13 - THE BIRD BONES
  • Introduction
  • Material and Methods
  • Results and Discussion: Species Composition
  • The natural environment around the city
  • The Nicopolis bird bone assemblage: Comparison with other published sites
  • Conclusions
• 14 - THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS
  • SKELETON 1
  • SKELETON NUMBER 2 (Fig 14.1)
  • SKELETONS 3 AND 4
• 15 - THE BOTANICAL REMAINS
  • Introduction
  • On-Site Methodology
  • Laboratory Methods
  • Assessing the Data
  • Towards an Understanding of Crop Husbandry Practices
  • Crop Husbandry at Nicopolis
  • Vetren and Iatrus (Krivina)
  • Conclusions
• 16 - THE MOLLUSCA
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • The Terrestrial Molluscan sequence in Area B
  • Discussion
  • Conclusions
• 17 - THE METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
  • Introduction
  • Vitrified clay
  • Low Density slags
  • Dense Slags
  • Iron
  • Summary of metalworking activity
  • Material by Period
  • The steel samples
  • Summary
• INDEX
• ABBREVIATIONS
• BIBLIOGRAPHY