The Late Iron Age coinage of England has long been recognised as an invaluable potential source of information about pre-Roman Britain, although its purpose has been much debated and never clearly established. Most research using this source material has been either detailed numismatic studies, which seek to categorise and tabulate the types of coin and order them chronologically based on stylistic change, or more general attempts to draw out meaning from the imagery or inscriptions on the coins. In Made for Trade, John Talbot presents the findings of a decade-long investigation that has challenged many pre-conceptions about the period. The coinage of the Iceni in East Anglia was used as the raw material with a view to establishing its original purpose and what it can tell us about society and the use of coinage in the Late Iron Age of this region. A die-study was performed on every known example – over 10,000 – coins. Each coin was created by a metal pellet being struck by two dies, and the die-study sought to identify the dies used in each of the 20,000 strikes. Because dies wear, change and are replaced, this enabled definitive chronologies to be constructed and the underlying organisation of the coinage to be fully appreciated for the first time. It is believed to be one of the largest such studies ever attempted and the first of this scale for a British Iron Age coinage. Talbot further explores production, weight and metal content as the coinage evolved, the use of imagery and inscriptions, and patterns of hoarding. These various threads demonstrate that the coinage was economic in nature and reflected development of a more sophisticated monetary society than had previously been thought possible, contradicting many previous assumptions.

• Front Cover
• Half-Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Acknowledgements
• List of figures and tables
  • Figures
  • Tables
• Chapter 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Background and introduction
  • 1.2 The broad aims of the book
  • 1.3 The structure of the book
  • 1.4 The Iceni and East Anglia in the Late Iron Age
  • 1.5 The die-study
  • 1.6 Previous work on Icenian coinage
  • 1.7 An overview of the coinage
• Chapter 2. The early local Icenian coinage and its predecessors
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Early non-Icenian coinages in East Anglia
    • 2.2.1 Gallo-Belgic gold coinage
    • 2.2.2 British Potins
    • 2.2.3 Roman Republican Denarii
    • 2.2.4 The Ingoldisthorpe coinage
  • 2.3 The coinage of the early local period
  • 2.4 Early local gold coinage
    • 2.4.1 Norfolk Wolf A Stater and Quarter Stater
    • 2.4.2 Norfolk Wolf B Stater
  • 2.5 Early local silver coinage
    • 2.5.1 The first issues of early local period Units
    • 2.5.2 Large Flan A, Large Flan C and Bury B
    • 2.5.3 Smaller issues of the early local period Units
    • 2.5.4 Observations on two larger issues of early local period Units
    • 2.5.5 Half Units
  • 2.6 Unusual Quarter Staters
  • 2.7 Summary and conclusions
• Chapter 3. The mints and coinages of the denominational periods
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Overview of the denominational periods
  • 3.3 The Mints
  • 3.4 Mint A
    • 3.4.1 Snettisham
    • 3.4.2 Plouviez
    • 3.4.3 Irstead
    • 3.4.4 Early Boar Horse
    • 3.4.5 Boar Horse B
    • 3.4.6 Boar Horse C
    • 3.4.7 Anted
    • 3.4.8 Ecen
  • 3.5 Mint group B
    • 3.5.1 Early Pattern Horse (A)
    • 3.5.2 Late Face Horse
  • 3.6 Mint C
    • 3.6.1 Saham Toney
    • 3.6.2 Early Pattern Horse (B)
    • 3.6.3 Saenv, Aesv and Ece B
  • 3.7 Local coinage of the denominational periods
  • 3.8 Summary
• Chapter 4. Production: metallurgy, weight accuracy, minting and scale
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Die numbers
  • 4.3 Weight
    • 4.3.1 Staters
    • 4.3.2 Quarter Staters
    • 4.3.3 Relationships between Staters and Quarter Staters
    • 4.3.4 Units
    • 4.3.5 Half Units and their relationship to Units
    • 4.3.6 Summary
  • 4.4 Metallurgy of the coinage
    • 4.4.1 Gold
    • 4.4.2 Silver
    • 4.4.3 Tin content
  • 4.5 Relative values of Staters and Units
  • 4.6 The scale of coinage production
  • 4.7 The organisation of minting
    • 4.7.1 Processes of minting and archaeological evidence
    • 4.7.2 Findings from the die-study
    • 4.7.3 Summary
  • 4.8 Plated coinage
  • 4.9 Summary
• Chapter 5. Art, imagery and inscriptions
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Icenian numismatic imagery
  • 5.3 The early gold coinages
    • 5.3.1 Obverses of Norfolk Wolf A and B Staters
    • 5.3.2 The reverses of early Icenian gold
    • 5.3.3 Summary
  • 5.4 The early local silver coinages
    • 5.4.1 The head or face on silver coinage
    • 5.4.2 The Horse
    • 5.4.3 Other design elements
    • 5.4.4 The imagery on early Half Units
  • 5.5 The denominational coinages
  • 5.6 Augustan and other ‘realistic’ forms of imagery
  • 5.7 Inscriptions
  • 5.8 Stylistic links between Icenian and other British Late Iron Age coinage
  • 5.9 Overview of stylistic change
    • 5.9.1 Overview of stylistic change: die variability relative to chronology
    • 5.9.2 Overview of stylistic change: faces, patterns or boars
    • 5.9.3 Overview of stylistic change: summary
  • 5.10 Summary
  • 5.11 Conclusions
• Chapter 6. Searching for evidence from hoards and coin scatters
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2. Snettisham
    • 6.2.1 Snettisham – Ken Hill
    • 6.2.2 Snettisham area – Shernborne
  • 6.3 The hoards
  • 6.4 East Anglian Late Iron Age hoards pre-dating the Boudiccan Revolt
    • 6.4.1 Hoards of Gallo-Belgic and Early British coinage
    • 6.4.2 Hoards of early local gold
    • 6.4.3 Early local silver and mixed hoards
    • 6.4.4 Hoards closing with uninscribed denominational coinage
  • 6.5 The hoards of late Icenian silver coinage
    • 6.5.1 Detailed review of Icenian content of late hoards
    • 6.5.2 Roman coinage in the hoards
    • 6.5.3 Relative chronology
  • 6.6 Cessation of Icenian minting
    • 6.6.1 The Hallaton hoards
    • 6.6.2 Fison Way, Thetford
    • 6.6.3 Summary, the cessation of minting
  • 6.7 Other later hoards
  • 6.8 Hoarding relative to chronology and minting of coinage
  • 6.9 Site finds compared to hoards
  • 6.10 The results from the large-scale mapping of the distribution of casual losses
  • 6.11 The location of coinage within the landscape
  • 6.12 Summary
  • 6.13 Conclusions
• Chapter 7. Conclusions
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 The situation in East Anglia
  • 7.3 Ancient economies and their coinage
  • 7.4 The use of coinage in Late Iron Age Britain
  • 7.5 Developments in thinking about the early use of coinage
  • 7.6 Pre-Icenian coinage in the region and an overview of Icenian coinage
  • 7.7 Icenian coinage production
  • 7.8 Icenian coinage imagery and inscriptions
  • 7.9 The disposition of Icenian coinage
  • 7.10 What was Icenian coinage?
  • 7.11 Was the coinage produced episodically for military or other events?
  • 7.12 The impact of Icenian coinage on society – short-term exchange cycles
  • 7.13 The impact of coinage on Icenian society – long-term belief systems
  • 7.14 Who issued the coinage?
  • 7.15 The social organisational structure of the Iceni
  • 7.16 Links between the coinage and historical events
  • 7.17 What is Icenian coinage?
  • 7.18 Reflections
• References
  • Abbreviations used
• Appendix I. The die-study
  • Index of plates
• Appendix II. Metal analysis of silver coinage
• Appendix III. Metal analysis of gold coinage
• Appendix IV. Statistical summary of die-study and Esty estimates of die numbers
• Appendix V. Hoards
  • V.1 Hoards and finds from Ken Hill and Shernborne in the Snettisham area
    • V.1.1 The Bowl Hoard 1990/1991 (PdeJ 196.6; Stead 1998, 147)
    • V.1.2 Snettisham Hunstanton II (PdeJ 196.7; Chadburn 2006, hoard 45)
    • V.1.3 The Dersingham Bypass hoard (PdeJ 196.8, Chadburn 2006, hoard 40)
    • V.1.4 Shernborne A (PdeJ 195)
    • V.1.5 Shernborne B
  • V.2 Hoards that are predominantly composed of Norfolk Wolf A and B Staters
    • V.2.1 Sculthorpe
    • V.2.2 Heacham II (not in de Jersey)
    • V.2.3 Hoard M (not in de Jersey)
    • V.2.4 Hoard N (not in de Jersey)
    • V.2.5 Ashby St Mary hoard (postdates de Jersey)
    • V.2.6 Lochdales 2007 hoard (PdeJ 305)
    • V.2.7 Beccles (not in de Jersey)
    • V.2.8 Brettenham (PdeJ 175, part)
    • V.2.9 Hoard D (not in de Jersey)
    • V.2.10 Heacham (PdeJ 185)
  • V.3 Early local silver hoards
    • V.3.1 Barham ‘Hoard’ (PdeJ 225)
    • V.3.2 Nettlestead Hoard (PdeJ 236)
    • V.3.3 Santon Downham (not in de Jersey)
  • V.4 Hoards of uninscribed denominational gold coinage
    • V.4.1 Runhall (postdates de Jersey)
    • V.4.2 Hoard A (PdeJ 198 as ‘Swaffham’ hoard)
    • V.4.3 Freckenham (PdeJ 230)
    • V.4.4 Sustead (previously known as North Norfolk) – PdeJ 197
    • V.4.5 Dallinghoo (originally recorded as Wickham Market) – PdeJ 227
    • V.4.6 Little Saxham – PdeJ 235
  • V.5 The late hoards of silver coinage
    • V.5.1 Field Baulk (PdeJ 20)
    • V.5.2 Lakenheath (Briscoe 1959; PdeJ 234)
    • V.5.3 Fring (Chadburn 1990; PdeJ 182)
    • V.5.4 Honingham (Clarke 1957; PdeJ 186)
    • V.5.5 Eriswell (Kent and Burnett 1984; PdeJ 228)
    • V.5.6 Scole (Burnett 1986; PdeJ 193)
    • V.5.7 Forncett St Peter (Chadburn 2006; PdeJ 181)
    • V.5.8 Joist Fen (Briscoe 1964; PdeJ 232)
    • V.5.9 General Observations
    • V.5.10 Mattishall (PdeJ 188)
  • V.6 Other Hoards
    • V.6.1 Norton sub-course (PdeJ 190)
    • V.6.2 Weston Longville (PdeJ 203)
    • V.6.3 West Runton (PdeJ 204)
    • V.6.4 Eye, Suffolk (PdeJ 229)
    • V.6.5 Santon Downham (PdeJ 239)
    • V.6.6 March (PdeJ 18)
    • V.6.7 Wimblington (PdeJ 23)
    • V.6.8 Littleport or Apes Hall (PdeJ 17)
• Appendix VI. Concordance
• Appendix VII. Glossary