Ionization Chamber Smoke Detectors (ICSDs) contain relatively small amounts of radioactive material and pose little hazard on an individual basis, even when disposed of in municipal landfills. However, many Member States have taken the decision to collect all or many of their country's disused ICSDs in one or more locations. This often leads to the need for ICSDs to be managed as radioactive waste. The objective of this publication is to provide an overview of the management options for the ICSDs declared disused. It presents information on a variety of ICSD models. The approach and examples for landfill disposal of household ICSD, as consumer products exempted from regulatory control is discussed. It presents the management options for disused ICSD once they have been collected. Various options for the safe management of disused ICSDs are covered including advantages and disadvantages, based on Member State infrastructure and IAEA guidance and international safety standards.

• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. Background
  • 1.2. Objective
  • 1.3. Scope
  • 1.4. Structure
• 2. Overview of Smoke Detectors
  • 2.1. Smoke detectors: optical and ionization chamber
    • 2.1.1. Optical smoke detectors
    • 2.1.2. Ionization chamber smoke detectors
  • 2.2. Identification of ICSDs
• 3. Safety and Safeguard CONSIDERATIONS for ICSDs
  • 3.1. Safety considerations
  • 3.2. Radiation protection and industrial safety
    • 3.2.1. Radiation protection
    • 3.2.2. Industrial safety
  • 3.3. Safeguards considerations
    • 3.3.1. Safeguards obligations
    • 3.3.2. Steps to take when dealing with Pu ICSDs
• 4. Management Options for disused ICSDs
  • 4.1. General approach
  • 4.2. Disposal of ICSDs in landfills
  • 4.3. Collection of disused ICSDs
    • 4.3.1. Collection of disused ICSDs by manufacturers and recycling companies
    • 4.3.2. Centralized collection of disused ICSDs
  • 4.4. Management of disused ICSDs at a conditioning and/or storage facility
    • 4.4.1. Hazards associated with managing disused ICSDs
    • 4.4.2. Collect and storage of ICSDs as received (Case A)
    • 4.4.3. Collect and dismantle ICSDs, recover DSRS within their holder (Case B)
    • 4.4.4. Collect and dismantle ICSDs, recover DSRS for recycling/disposal (Case C)
• 5. ICSDs Dismantling Procedures and Long term Management of recovered DSRS
  • 5.1. General dismantling procedure
  • 5.2. Conditioning and packaging
    • 5.2.1. Equipment and material
    • 5.2.2. Marking and labelling of packages
    • 5.2.3. Safety and security considerations
    • 5.2.4. Management of secondary waste
    • 5.2.5. Record keeping
  • 5.3. Storage and disposal of dsrs and secondary radioactive waste
    • 5.3.1. Storage facility
    • 5.3.2. Storage of ICSDs as received
    • 5.3.3. Storage of conditioned DSRS removed from ICSDs
    • 5.3.4. Disposal of recovered and conditioned DSRS
    • 5.3.5. Record keeping
• 6. Lessons Learned
• 7. Conclusions and further considerations
  • 7.1. Conclusions
  • 7.2. Further considerations
• REFERENCES
• Annex I INFORMATION FOR THE ANNEXES
• Annex II MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (ALBANIA)
• Annex III MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (ARGENTINA)
• Annex IV MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (BULGARIA)
• Annex V MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (CANADA)
• Annex VI MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (CHILE)
• Annex VII MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (CHINA)
• Annex VIII MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (CUBA)
• Annex IX MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (FRANCE)
• Annex X MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN)
• Annex XI MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (MONGOLIA)
• Annex XII MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (MONTENEGRO)
• Annex XIII MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (PHILIPPINES)
• Annex XIV MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (ROMANIA)
• Annex XV MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (SERBIA)
• Annex XVI MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (SLOVAKIA)
• Annex XVII MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (SLOVENIA)
• Annex XVIII MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC)
• Annex XIX MEMBER STATE EXPERIENCE (THAILAND)
• ABBREVIATIONS
• CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
• STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES