A variety of past activities and events have resulted in contamination of sites and areas by residual radioactive material. In cases where relevant criteria are exceeded, remediation should be implemented to reduce radiation exposure due to contamination, taking into account other non-radiological hazards as appropriate. Remediation includes any actions applied to the contamination itself (the source) or to the exposure pathways to people. This Safety Guide provides recommendations on the planning and implementation of remediation of sites and areas affected by past activities and events based on a systematic, stepwise approach, taking account of the specific characteristics of a given situation and the prevailing circumstances. The Safety Guide is targeted at regulatory bodies, responsible parties, operating organizations and other parties involved in the remediation of sites or areas and contributing to the recovery process to ensure the protection of people and the environment.

• 1. INTRODUCTION
  • Background
  • Objective
  • Scope
  • Structure
• 2. National Framework for Remediation
  • National policy for remediation
  • National strategy for remediation
  • Legal and regulatory framework for remediation
  • Site or area specific remediation strategy and planning
  • Governmental and regulatory oversight of remediation
  • Funding and financing of remediation
  • Involvement of interested parties
• 3. APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION
  • Graded approach
  • Reference levels
  • Justification of remediation
    • Relevant criteria for the justification of remediation
    • Relevant factors in the justification of remediation
  • Optimization of protection and safety in remediation
    • Relevant criteria for the optimization of protection and safety
• 4. OVERVIEW OF THE REMEDIATION PROCESS
• 5. Preliminary Evaluation
• 6. Detailed Evaluation
  • Establishment of reference levels
  • Safety assessment and environmental impact assessment
• 7. Planning of remediation
  • Identification of remedial options
  • Evaluation and selection of remedial options
  • Site or area specific remediation plan
  • Emergency preparedness
• 8. Implementation and verification monitoring
  • Radiation protection during remediation
    • Occupational exposure
    • Public exposure
  • Monitoring and ongoing surveys during remediation
  • Emergency response
  • Access controls to the site or area
  • Considering the need for further remediation
  • Release of remediated areas from regulatory control
  • Unrestricted use
  • Restricted use
  • Restricted access
  • Final remediation report
  • Record keeping and information
• 9. MANAGEMENT OF RESIDUAL MATERIALS GENERATED DURING REMEDIATION
  • Classification of residual materials, including radioactive waste
  • Management options for residual materials, including radioactive waste
  • Clearance of residual materials
  • Recycling, reuse or landfill disposal of residual materials in the affected area
  • Predisposal management
  • Disposal
• 10. POST-REMEDIATION MANAGEMENT
  • Removal of restrictions
  • Records
  • Communication with and involvement of interested parties
  • Monitoring and surveillance programme
• Appendix I ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC EXPOSURE FOR REMEDIATION PURPOSES
• Appendix II SELF-HELP PROTECTIVE ACTIONS
• REFERENCES
• Annex I EXAMPLE OF A TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR A SITE OR AREA SPECIFIC REMEDIATION PLAN
• Annex II EXAMPLES OF OPTIMIZATION OF PROTECTION AND SAFETY IN REMEDIATION AFTER THE CHERNOBYL AND FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENTS
• Annex III CASE STUDY FOR A POST-ACCIDENT SITUATION: REMEDIATION OF AREAS AFFECTED BY THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT
• Annex IV CASE STUDY FOR A FORMER WEAPONS TESTING SITE: THE MARALINGA REMEDIATION
• Annex V CASE STUDY FOR REMEDIATION OF A NORM SITE: THE TAPARURA PROJECT AT SFAX, TUNISIA
• Annex VI CASE STUDY FOR POST-ACCIDENT REMEDIATION OF AREAS AFFECTED BY THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI ACCIDENT
• Annex VIIBIBLIOGRAPHY
• CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW