The decision to establish a nuclear power program is a significant undertaking by any country. Such a decision should be based on a commitment by the government to use nuclear power safely, securely and peacefully. This commitment requires establishing a sustainable national infrastructure including robust safeguards infrastructure supporting the functions of the State system of accounting for and control of nuclear material (SSAC). The IAEA has developed the Milestones Approach to help Member States embarking on nuclear power to plan and develop the necessary infrastructure in a phased way. Safeguards is one of the 19 infrastructure issues described in the Milestones Approach. The primary objective of this publication is to provide guidance and references for safeguards related activities that need to be carried out during each of the three phases of nuclear power infrastructure development in line with the nuclear power program implementation. This publication includes several case studies from different countries on how they developed their national safeguards infrastructure to meet the requirements of their nuclear power programs.

• 1. INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1. Background
  • 1.2. Objective
  • 1.3. Scope
  • 1.4. Structure
  • 1.5. Users
• 2. NON-PROLIFERATION AND SAFEGUARDS OBLIGATIONS
  • 2.1. Safeguards
  • 2.2. Export and import controls
• 3. ENHANCING STATE SAFEGUARDS INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF NUCLEAR POWER
  • 3.1. Activities in phase 1
    • 3.1.1. Develop understanding of safeguards requirements related to the introduction of nuclear power
    • 3.1.2. Ensure safeguards agreement and subsidiary arrangements are in force, and plan development of the national legal framework
    • 3.1.3. If applicable, plan for the timely rescission of the SQP or its non-operation
    • 3.1.4. Plan SRA/SSAC enhancement
  • 3.2. Activities in phase 2
    • 3.2.1. If applicable, begin submitting Article 2.a.(x) declarations on the planned introduction of nuclear power with the additional protocol annual update
    • 3.2.2. Enhance the regulatory body’s staffing and administrative and technical competence for safeguards
    • 3.2.3. Integrate safeguards requirements into the regulatory framework for nuclear power
    • 3.2.4. Establish effective mechanisms for communication with relevant stakeholders to raise awareness of safeguards
    • 3.2.5. Ensure safeguards requirements are included in the bid invitation/contract specification
    • 3.2.6. Plan owner/operator staffing and training programmes for safeguards, including nuclear material accounting
  • 3.3. Activities in phase 3
    • 3.3.1. Provide design information and operational programme information to the SRA
    • 3.3.2. Develop/implement staffing/training in the owner/operator for safeguards, including nuclear material accounting
    • 3.3.3. If applicable, send SQP rescission letter to IAEA
    • 3.3.4. Submit preliminary design information to the IAEA
    • 3.3.5. Develop owner/operator procedures and technical capabilities for nuclear material accounting, reporting and facilitating IAEA verification activities
    • 3.3.6. Continue developing/enhancing the regulatory body’s competence and the regulatory framework
    • 3.3.7. Facilitate discussions regarding the requirements for/installation of IAEA containment and surveillance equipment
    • 3.3.8. Submit DIQ to the IAEA
    • 3.3.9. If applicable, begin submitting Article 2.a.(iii) declarations for the nuclear power plant site with the additional protocol annual update
    • 3.3.10. If applicable, prepare for the possibility of the IAEA implementing complementary access
    • 3.3.11. Facilitate DIV
    • 3.3.12. Submit construction schedule to the IAEA
    • 3.3.13. Conclude NPP facility attachment
    • 3.3.14. Consider requesting ISSAS mission
    • 3.3.15. Update DIQ as needed
    • 3.3.16. Facilitate installation of IAEA containment and surveillance equipment
    • 3.3.17. Submit advance notification of import of fresh fuel
    • 3.3.18. Prepare/submit nuclear material accounting reports
    • 3.3.19. Facilitate IAEA in-field verification activities
• 4. RESOURCES AND ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE TO STATES
  • 4.1. Iaea support
    • 4.1.1. Guidance
    • 4.1.2. Peer review and advisory service missions
    • 4.1.3. Capacity building and training
  • 4.2. Other support
• Appendix ISAFEGUARDS INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES AND COMPETENCES IN PHASE 1
• Appendix IISAFEGUARDS INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES AND COMPETENCES IN PHASE 2
• Appendix IIISAFEGUARDS INFRASTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES AND COMPETENCES IN PHASE 3
• REFERENCES
• Annex I CASE STUDY: BELARUS
• Annex II CASE STUDY: FINLAND
• Annex III CASE STUDY: TÜRKİYE
• Annex IV CASE STUDY: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
• Annex V CASE STUDY: UNITED KINGDOM
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
• CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
• STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES